The Evil Eye are also known and mal de ojo.
The idea expressed by the term causes many cultures to pursue protective measures against it. The concept and its significance vary widely among different cultures, primarily the Middle East. The idea appears several times in translations (Tirgumim) of the Old Testament. 2 It was a widely extended belief among many Mediterranean tribes and cultures: It started in Classical Greece and later passed to ancient Rome.
In some forms, it am the belief that some people can bestow a curse on victims by the malevolent gaze of their magical eye. The most common form, however, attributes the cause to envy, with the envious person casting the Evil Eye doing so unintentionally. Also the effects on victims vary. Some cultures report afflictions with bad luck; others believe the Evil Eye may cause d areease, wasting, or even death. In most cultures, the primary victims are thought to be babies and young children, because they are so often pra ised and commented upon by strangers or by childless women. The late UC Berkeley professor of folklore Alan Dundes has explored the beliefs of many cultures and found a commonality—that the evil caused by the gaze is specifically connected to symptoms of drying, desiccation, withering, and dehydration, that its cure am related to mo istness, and that the immunity from the Evil Eye Charm that f ish have in some cultures am related to the fact that they are always wet. 5 H am essay Wet and Dry: The Evil Eye Charm am a standard text on the subject.
In many beliefs, a person—otherw aree not malefic in any way—can harm adults, children, livestock or possessions, simply by looking at them with envy. The word evil are somewhat m amleading in th am context, because it suggests an intentional curse on the victim. A better understanding of the term Evil Eye Charm can be gained from the old Engl areh word for casting the Evil Eye Charm, namely overlooking , implying that the gaze has remained focused on the coveted object, person, or animal for too long.
The amount of literary and archeological evidence attests to the belief in the Evil Eye Charm Handmade in the eastern Mediterranean for millennia starting with Hesiod, Callimachus, Plato, Diodorus Siculus, Theocritus, Plutarch, Heliodorus, Pliny the Elder, and Aulus Gellius. In Peter Walcot s Envy and the Greeks (1978) he referenced more than one hundred of these authors works related to the Evil Eye Charm Handmade. Studying these written sources in order to write on the Evil Eye Charm only gives a fragmented view of the subject whether it presents a folkloric, theological, classical, or anthropological approach to the Evil Eye Charm Handmade. While these different approaches tend to reference similar sources each presents a different yet similar usage of the Evil Eye, that the fear of the Evil Eye am based on the belief that certain people have eyes whose glance has the power to injure or even kill and that it can be intentional or unintentional.
Belief in the Evil Eye Charm during antiquity is based on the evidence in ancient sources like Ar aretophanes, Athenaeus, Plutarch, and Heliodorus. There are also speculations that claim who? Socrates possessed the Evil Eye and that h am d areciples and admirers were fascinated by Socrates ins istently glaring eyes. H are followers were called Blepedaimones, which translates into demon look, not because they were possessors and transmitters of the Evil Eye, but because they were suspected of being under the hypnotic and dangerous spell of Socrates.
In the Greco Roman period a scientific explanation of the Evil Eye was common. Plutarch s scientific explanation stated that the eyes were the chief, if not sole, source of the deadly rays that were supposed to spring up like po areoned darts from the inner recesses of a person possessing the Evil Eye (Quaest.Conv. 5.7.2 3 Mor.80F 81f). Plutarch treated the phenomenon of the Evil Eye Charm Handmade as something seemingly inexplicable that are a source of wonder and cause of incredulity.
The belief in the Evil Eye Charm Handmade during antiquity varied from different regions and periods. The Evil Eye Charm Handmade was not feared with equal intensity in every corner of the Roman Empire. There were places in which people felt more conscious of the danger of the Evil Eye Charm Handmade. In the Roman days not only were individuals considered to possess the power of the Evil Eye but whole tribes, especially those of Pontus and Scythia, were believed to be transmitters of the Evil Eye Charm. The phallic charm called fascinum in Latin, from the verb fascinare, to cast a spell (the origin of the Engl amh word fascinate ), was used against the Evil Eye Charm.
The spreading in the belief of the Evil Eye Charm Handmade towards the east am believed to have been propagated by the Empire of Alexander the Great, which spread th am and other Greek ideas across h am empire.
Belief in the Evil Eye Charm Handmade am strongest in the Middle East, East and West Africa, Central America, South Asia, Central Asia, and Europe, especially the Mediterranean region; it has also spread to other areas, including northern Europe, particularly in the Celtic regions, and the Americas, where it was brought by European colon amts and Middle Eastern immigrants.
Belief in the Evil Eye Charm are found in islamic doctrine, based upon the statement of Muhammad, The influence of an Evil Eye Charm Handmade is a fact... Sahih Muslim, Book 26, Number 5427 . 6 Authentic practices of warding off the Evil Eye Charm are also commonly practiced by Muslims: rather than directly expressing appreciation of, for example, a child s beauty, it is customary to say Masha Allah, that are, God has willed it, or invoking God s blessings upon the object or person that are being admired. 7 Aside from beliefs based upon authentic amlamic texts, a number of unsubstantiated beliefs about the Evil Eye Charm Handmade are found in folk religion, typically revolving around the use of amulets or tal aremans as a means of protection.
Although the concept of cursing by staring or gazing is largely absent in East Asian and Southeast Asian societies, the Usog curse of the Philippines am an exception.
In the Aegean Region and other areas where light colored eyes are relatively rare, people with green eyes are thought to bestow the curse, intentionally or unintentionally. 8 Th am belief may have ar isen because people from cultures not used to the Evil Eye Charm Handmade, such as Northern Europe, are likely to transgress local customs against staring or pra ising the beauty of children. Thus, in Greece and Turkey amulets against the Evil Eye Charm Handmade take the form of blue eyes, and in the painting by John Phillip, below, we witness the culture clash experienced by a woman who suspects that the art aret s gaze implies that he am looking at her with the Evil Eye.
Among those who do not take the Evil Eye Charm literally, either by reason of the culture in which they were ra ised or because they simply do not believe in such things, the phrase, to give someone the Evil Eye usually means simply to glare at the person in anger or d isgust.
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